آموزش زبان انگلیسی English phrasal verbs with

Some common business English phrasal verbs that use "down". 

Back down (or climb down) = to no longer stick to your original ideas or position: "After weeks of negotiating, she backed down and accepted their conditions." 

Break down (1) = examine the different parts of something: "The profits break down in the following way – 50% profit in European sales, a 20% profit in North American sales and a 30% profit in Asian sales." 

Break down (2) = when communication stops between two parties: "The negotiations broke down after two days." 

Bring down = destroy something: "A series of disastrous investments brought down the company." 

Cut back on = reduce something: "The government has cut back on its defence budget." 

Drive down = work hard to reduce prices or costs: "Over the last year we have driven down the distribution costs." 

Live down = when other people can forget a bad reputation: "I was two hours late for the meeting and now my colleagues will never let me live it down." 

Play down = minimise the importance of something: "She played down the fact that her father was the boss." 

Set down = put something in writing: "The conditions are set down in the contract." 

Stand down = resign: "After ten years at the head of the company, the chairman has decided to stand down." 

Take down = write notes in a meeting: "Can someone take down the minutes?" 

Wear down = argue so much that the other person abandons their position: "The unions finally wore the management down on the issue of overtime pay." 

Write down (or note down) = write something: "Could you write down your mobile phone number?"

Describing people in English آموزش زبان انگلیسی

There are many ways to talk about physical appearance 

.

Age

My grandfather is quite old. In fact, as he has a pension, he is an old age pensioner, or a senior citizen.

His daughter, my aunt, is 55, and middle-aged. She has three sons. One is a young adult, at 24 years of age, and the other two are both teenagers. They are 16 and 17. My sister also has two children – one toddler who is a two-year old, and a baby who is 6 months old. 

Build

People are built in all shapes and sizes. There are those who are fat and overweight. Some people are extremely overweight and are obese. Other people are naturally slim, but others look have absolutely no fat on them and are thin, or skinny.

Personally, I am stocky – small, but well-built. My father is tall and lean – with very little fat. My sister is short, but wiry – she is quite thin, but muscular. Both my brothers are athletic and well-proportioned. My mother looks like a 1940's film star. She is curvaceous, with an hour-glass figure.

My grandfather is fit for his age and takes plenty of exercise. He doesn't want all his muscles to get flabby. 

Colouring

My sister is an English rose – she has fair hair and fair skin. She doesn't tan easily and has to be careful in the sun. My mother is blonde, also with a fair complexion. I am a red-head – with red hair. Like many other people with a pale complexion, I get freckles from the sun – small brown dots on my face and arms. In contrast, my father has dark-brown hair and he is quite dark-skinned. You are born with a colour – white or Caucasian, black or Asian. People whose parents are of different ethnic origin are mixed-race. Southern Europeans are sometimes described as Mediterranean. 

Face 

Faces, like build, vary a lot. Some people have oval faces – their foreheads are much wider than their chins. Other people have heart-shaped, square or round faces.

Features also vary. My grandfather has bushy eyebrows (he has lots of hair!), a hooked nose and high cheekbones. His eyes are large and set quite far apart. My mother has a broad nose, which she hates, as she prefers narrow noses. But she is lucky to have even or regular teeth. My sister corrected her crooked teeth by wearing a brace which straightened them. She has rosy cheeks, small ears and a snub nose, which goes up at the end.

I have long, curly hair, though my sister is the opposite, with short, straight hair. Her hair is fine and doesn't weigh very much, but mine is thick and heavy. My mother's hair is wavy – in between straight and curly. It's cut in a bob and she also has a short fringe, where it is cut horizontally across her forehead. My father is losing his hair – in fact he is going bald, which makes him very sad. My brother looks like he is going to lose his hair too – it is receding.

idiom

A Bird In The Hand Is Worth Two In The Bush:
Having something that is certain is much better than taking a risk for more, because chances are you might lose everything.

A Blessing In Disguise:
Something good that isn't recognized at first.

آموزش زبان انگلیسی Dealing With Difficult English Verbs

Unlike many other languages, there are many verbs in English that don’t follow basic rules – making it frustrating for non-native speakers to learn. In many cases, you’re likely to find that irregular verbs are actually more common than ones that follow syntax guidelines! As a result, you may need to rely on sentence cues to determine what, if any, actions are being described. In many cases, even if a verb is irregular, you can still use these cues to arrive at the meaning the author or speaker is trying to convey.

Locating Verbs Based on Noun Position

To begin, if you can recognize a noun within a sentence, chances are you will also find a verb following it that will help you decipher the rest of the sentence. Using this method can help you improve your reading comprehension, as well as eliminate reliance on syntax rules that don’t address many situations. This method will also help you determine the timing of the sentence and the actions that were taken. In addition, once you know where nouns are in relation to verbs, you’ll also be able to decipher the subject of the sentence.

For example, if you look at the sentence “David washed the laundry”, you’ll immediately realize that David is a noun. “Washed” the next word, is a verb that is describing the action that David is taking. In this case, you can recognize that the word has an “-ed” ending, which indicates that the action – washing – has happened in the past. In another example, “David walks with his dog”, you can again find the verb immediately after the noun.

Using Syllable Structures to Isolate Verbs

In many cases, if you suspect that you are dealing with an irregular verb, you can break the word in question down to syllables. As you put the word back together, you should be able to recognize a root word that is based on some kind of action. For example, the word “skipping” breaks down into two syllables – “skip” and “ing”. As you can see, once you remove the “-ing” suffix, you are left with a word that describes a specific kind of motion.

Unfortunately, the “-ing” ending doesn’t always help you determine the time frame of the action. In order to determine this, once again you’ll need to find out who is taking the action and then look for words that offer a time frame in the sentence. In this case, skipping could be proceeded by “was”, “is”, or even “will be”. As you can see, each preceding time frame creates an entirely different meaning for the verb.

Even though English verbs are some of the most difficult aspects of the language, it’s worth your while to gain proficiency with them. That said, if you’re going to try and learn English based on exact rules, you’ll have a difficult time. As with any other language, it is important to be able to comprehend what you are hearing or reading in the context of meaning. Breaking words down into fundamental sounds will give you clues about their meaning and importance, enabling you to understand English verb tenses much more quickly.

Idioms about music آموزش زبان انگلیسی

با درود خدمت همه دوستان عزیزم

شرمنده یه کوچولو بیزی هستم.برا همین دیر به دیر آپ میکنم.

---

And all that jazz

This idiom means that everything related or similar is included.

Bells on

(USA) To be somewhere with bells on means to arrive there happy and delighted to attend.

Blow your own horn

If you blow your own horn, you boast about your achievements and abilities. ('Blow your own trumpet' is an alternative form.)

Blow your own trumpet

If someone blows their own trumpet, they boast about their talents and achievements.  ('Blow your own horn' is an alternative form.)

Call the tune

The person who calls the tune makes the important decisions about something.

Change your tune

If someone changes their ideas or the way they talk about them, they change their tune.

Clear as a bell

If something is as clear as a bell, it is very clear or easy to understand.

Face the music

If you have to face the music, you have to accept the negative consequences of something you have done wrong.

Fiddle while Rome burns

If people are fiddling while Rome burns, they are wasting their time on futile things while problems threaten to destroy them.

Fine tuning

Small adjustments to improve something or to get it working are called fine tuning.

Fit as a fiddle

If you are fit as a fiddle, you are in perfect health.

For a song

If you buy or sell something for a song, it is very cheap.

It takes two to tango

This idiom is used to suggest that when things go wrong, both sides are involved and neither side is completely innocent.

March to the beat of your own drum

If people march to the beat of their own drum, they do things the way they want without taking other people into consideration.

Music to my ears

If something someone says is music to your ears, it is exactly what you had wanted to hear.

Play by ear

If you play by ear, you deal with something in an impromptu manner, without guidelines or rules. It refers to playing music without using written notation.

Play second fiddle

If you play second fiddle, you take a subordinate role behind someone more important.

Pull out all the stops

If you pull out all the stops, you do everything you possibly can to achieve the result you want.

See you on the big drum

A good night phrase to children.

Strike a chord

If strikes a chord, it is familiar to you, reminds you of something or is connected to you somehow.

Toot you own horn

If someone toot their own horn, they like to boast about their achievements.

Whistle for it

If someone says that you can whistle for something, they are determined to ensure that you don't get it.

Whistle-stop tour

A whistle-stop tour is when someone visits a number of places quickly, not stopping for long.

Whistling Dixie

(USA) If someone is whistling Dixie, they talk about things in a more positive way than the reality.

Whistling in the dark

If someone is whistling in the dark, they believe in a positive result, even though everybody else is sure it will not happen.

You can't unring a bell

This means that once something has been done, you have to live with the consequences as it can't be undone.

Time you enjoy wasting, was not wasted

Words for Entertainment in English

Words for Entertainment in English

What do you like doing in your spare time? Do you go somewhere with your friends or your family? Here is some useful English vocabulary for talking about entertainment

.

The cinema

Many people regularly go to the cinema (or the pictures). Most towns have a multiplex (= multi-screen) cinema which shows a wide range of films, from feature films to family films. Films are classified in Britain, with U suitable for all ages, PG (parental guidance) suitable for everyone over the age of 8, 12 (where no children can watch unless they are with an adult), 15 (where no one under the age of 15 can watch) and 18 (only suitable for adults

).

The theatre

Large towns as well as the major cities have theatres, where you can see plays, musicals or pantomimes (a comedy play performed over Christmas). You can choose to go in the afternoon, for the matinee (pronounced "mat - in - ay") performance, or in the evening.

Generally, the more you pay, the better seat you get. The stalls are the seats at ground level in front of the stage, and these have the best views. Then there are the seats in the Dress Circle (or Royal Circle), which are in the first balcony. They also have good views of the stage. Then there are the seats in the Upper Circle, which are in the second balcony. Above this are cheaper seats in the Balcony or the Gallery, which are so high up that it's often difficult to see the actors. There are also seats in the Boxes, which are private rooms built into the side walls of the theatre

.

Live music

Large cities can offer you a huge range of musical performances, from opera to classical concerts to jazz, folk, rock and pop gigs (= concerts). In summer there are often music festivals, with Glastonbury Festival being one of the most popular.

Family entertainment

Bank holidays and weekends are favourite times to go out with your family. Some things, such as circuses, zoos and water parks can be quite expensive. But other events, such as fun-days, parades and carnivals are much cheaper. Children often like to go by themselves to funfairs, where they can go on the rides and eat candyfloss

.

A cheap night out

There are also plenty of cheap activities available in English towns and cities. Bingo is popular, and in London, people still go to the dogs, to see and bet on dog racing. You can often find a leisure centre in towns, which offer sport facilities. Many English people go to their local (= pub) where they can play darts or pool (= a type of snooker), as well as have a drink with friends.

At the weekend, younger people often go clubbing (= night clubs) or to a disco with their friends.

 

راجع به سنم باید بگم که هیچکدومتون درست نگفتین :P

تولد من

تولد تولد تولدم مبارک   

اگه گفتین چند ساله شدم من؟ 

بهار خوش اومدی

Happy new year

با درود

عید نوروز باستانی رو به همه شما عزیزان تبریک میگم.

Happy new year

Best wishes,

Parvin.

آموزش زبان انگلیسی Renovating and decorating your house

Renovating and decorating your house

Many people in the UK like renovating or "doing up" their houses to keep up with fashions and trends. Here are some useful English words and phrases to describe this

.

Decorating

give something a lick / a coat of paint = paint walls

hang / put up wallpaper = to attach new paper to the walls

fit / put up blinds or curtains = cover the windows either with curtains (fabric hanging across the window) or blinds (strips of plastic or fabric that cover the window)

throw out / replace the old light fittings = change the lights

go for a (name of fashion) effect = recreate a particular look

put the finishing touches to = complete the decoration with the final details

Renovation

have an extension = build on to the existing house to provide more rooms

put in a conservatory / a fitted kitchen / a new bathroom = to install a conservatory (room between the back of the house and the garden), a fitted kitchen (where the units are connected, rather than being single pieces) or a new bathroom

convert the loft (have a loft conversion) = convert the attic into a liveable room

turn the dining room into a spare bedroom = convert a room into one with a different purpose

knock down a wall = demolish a wall

knock through from the kitchen = demolish the wall from the kitchen into another room

build a patio = build a paved area around part or the whole of the house

rewire the house = put in new electrical wiring

install central heating / solar panels = put in a new heating system

re-plaster the ceiling = take off the old plaster (covering the bricks) and replace it with new

re-tile the bathroom = put new tiles on the floor and walls

Other useful expressions

diy = Do it Yourself (doing maintenance and building works in your house)

be handy around the house = to be practical and able to do jobs in the house

draw up plans = to make technical plans before you do building or renovation work

get planning / building permission = to get authorisation from the town hall to do work on your house

 

Friendship Poem

Friends

A friend is someone we turn to
when our spirits need a lift.
A friend is someone we treasure
for our friendship is a gift.
A friend is someone who fills our lives
with beauty, joy, and grace.
And makes the whole world we live in
a better and happier place.

- Jean Kyler McManus- 

******

Friends will come and friends will go,
The seasons change and it will show,
I will age and so will you,
But our friendship stays, strong and true.

- Author Unknown -


******
For Those Lost In 9/11

If I could catch a rainbow
I would do it just for you,
And share with you its beauty
On the days you're feeling blue

If I could build a mountain
You could call your very own,
A place to find serenity,
A place to be alone

If I could take your troubles
I would toss them in the sea,
But all these things I'm finding
Are impossible for me

I cannot build a mountain,
Or catch a rainbow fair,
But let me be what I know best,
A friend who's always there

- Author Unknown -

آموزش زبان انگلیسی Talking about anger in English

با پست جدید میایم ,پس هستم.

ما هستیم   

Talking about anger in English

How can you describe someone who is angry? These words and expressions can be used to describe different strengths of anger, from mild anger to rage

.

Mild anger

grumpy = someone who is often in a bad mood and complains a lot (esp old people): "He's such a grumpy old man

!"

crotchety = someone who is easily irritated: "I hate it when you're in a crotchety mood."

irritated = when something makes you a bit angry: "To be honest, I'm a bit irritated with my husband. He promised me dinner, then told me he had to work late."

annoyed = irritated: "He really annoyed me, talking through the film."

snappy = when you are in a bad mood and speak sharply to people: "She's in a very snappy mood today."

cross = angry: "It makes me very cross when people don't stop at the pedestrian crossing."

get out of bed on the wrong side = wake up in a bad mood: "Don't expect any sympathy from Joe. He got out of bed on the wrong side this morning."

be rubbed up the wrong way = to be put in a bad mood by someone: "Don't worry too much about him. He was rubbed up the wrong way when we started talking about promotion."

get up your nose = irritates: "It really gets up my nose when they start talking about football."

get hot under the collar = become angry: "He got really hot under the collar when he couldn't buy a train ticket."

be in a strop / stroppy: easily angered: "She's turning into a stroppy teenager

."

Very angry

pissed off (British slang) = angry: "I was really pissed off by her attitude."

furious = very angry: "She was furious when he told her the news."

livid = very angry: "I was absolutely livid when I found out."

in a black mood = be very angry: "He always gets in a black mood when he sees his team lose."

spitting mad = be very angry: "He got me spitting mad!"

see red = be uncontrollably angry: "When I realised she was lying, I just saw red."

like a red rag to a bull = provoke someone to anger: "Talking about politics is like a red rag to a bull to him."

be in a foul mood = be in a bad mood: "She was in a foul mood all last week

."

Your reactions

What can you say to someone who is mildly angry?

Keep your hair on! (Don't lose your temper.)

Calm down!

Take it easy!

Don't let it get to you. = don't let something make you angry.

Turn the other cheek. = Ignore it.

Don't get your knickers in a twist! (British slang) = Don't let it affect you.

از لطفتون ممنونم دوستان عزیز

هر کسی که مایل باشه میتونه از مطالب این وبلاگ اموزشی استفاده کنه فقط خواهش میکنم با ذکر منبع باشه.

آموزش اصطلاحات زبان انگلیسی Love idioms

Love idioms

A guide to idioms of love.

Falling in love

catch someone's eye = to be attractive to someone: "The shy man at the back of the class caught my eye

."

to fancy someone (British English) = to find someone attractive: "My friend fancies you

!"

to have a crush on someone = to only be able to think about one person: "When I was at school, I had a crush on a film star

."

to have a soft spot for someone = to have a weakness for someone: "She has a soft spot for Richard - he can do anything

!"

to have the hots for someone = to find someone very attractive: "She's got the hots for the new office manager

."

to go out with someone (British English) = to date someone: "They've been going out together for years

!"

to go steady = to go out with someone: "They've been going steady since their first year at university

."

to fall for someone = to fall in love: "He always falls for the wrong types

!"

to fall head over heels for someone = to completely fall in love: "He fell head over heels for her

."

to be lovey-dovey = for a couple to show everyone how much they are in love: "They're so lovey-dovey, always whispering to each other and looking into each other's eyes

."

to have eyes only for = to be attracted to one person only: "He's dropped all his old friends, now that he has eyes only for Susie

."

to be the apple of someone's eye = to be loved by someone, normally an older relative: "She's the apple of her father's eye."

to be smitten by someone = to be in love with someone: "I first met him at a party and from that evening on, I was smitten

."

a love-nest = the place where two lovers live: "They made a love-nest in the old basement flat

."

to be loved-up (British English) = to exist in a warm feeling of love: "They are one loved-up couple

!"

to be the love of someone's life = to be loved by a person: "He has always been the love of her life

."

Types of love

puppy love = love between teenagers: "It's just puppy love - you'll grow out of it

!"

cupboard love = love for someone because they give you food: "I think my cat loves me, but it's only cupboard love

!"

Getting married

to get hitched: "They're getting hitched next Saturday

."

to tie the knot: "So when are you two tying the knot?"

If it goes wrong

…

to go through a bit of a rough patch = when things are not going well: "Since the argument, they've been going through a bit of a rough patch

."

to have blazing rows = to have big arguments: "We had a blazing row last night

."

can't stand the sight of someone = to not like someone: "She can't stand the sight of him any more

!"

to call it a day = to agree that the relationship has ended: "We decided to call it a day

."

to be on the rocks = a relationship that is in difficulty: "Once she moved out, it was clear their marriage was on the rocks

."

to have a stormy relationship = a relationship with many arguments: "I'm glad we don't have a stormy relationship

."

a love-rat = a man who betrays his girlfriend / wife: "He's had affairs with three different women - he's a complete love-rat

."

Sayings

Marry in haste, repent at leisure = if you marry too quickly, you have the rest of your life to regret it

!

Love is blind = when you love someone, you can't see their faults

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder = beauty is subjective

Let your heart rule your head = allow your emotions to control your rational side

Wear your heart on your sleeve = show other people how you are feeling

یه درخواست کوچولو:

همه کسانی که از این وبلاگ مطلبی اصطلاحی گرامری حتی شده یه لغت یاد گرفتن لطفا به این پست نظر بدن.میخوام بدونم تو این 6 سال به هدفم رسیدم؟ تونستم کمکی به زبان آموزان باشم؟ اگر بله که ادامه میدم این راه رو اگه نه هم از همین حالا بهم بگین تا در اینجا رو تخته کنم.

یه نکته کنکوری: برای اینکه یه مترجم خوب و توانایی بشی باید دوست عزیزمن فقط ترجمه کنی

بهترین راه برای تقویت ترجمه ترجمه کردنه.فارسی به انگلیسی یه کم مشکلتره اما میشه باور داشته باش که تو هر کاری رو اراده کنی میتونی انجامش بدی.فقط باید وقت صرف کنی و تمرین کنی.همین.

قود لاک اوری وان.

Success Quotes, Sayings, and Thoughts

"To laugh often and much; to win the respect of intelligent people and the affection of children; to earn the appreciation of honest critics and to endure the betrayal of false friends; to appreciate beauty; to find the best in others; to leave the world a bit better whether by a healthy child, a garden patch or a redeemed social condition; to know even one life has breathed easier because you have lived. This is to have succeeded. "

Ralph Waldo Emerson

"Let me tell you the secret that has led me to my goal. My strength lies solely in my tenacity."

~ Louis Pasteur

"Many of life's failures are people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up."

~ Thomas A. Edison

"Success doesn't come to you... you go to it. "

~ Marva Collins


Good luck with the exams.

stress

Stress is common to everyone. Our bodies are designed to feel stress and react to it. It keeps us alert and ready to avoid danger. It is not always possible to avoid or change events that may cause stress. We can feel trapped and unable to cope. When stress persists, the body begins to break down and illnesses can occur. The key to coping with stress is identifying stressors in your life and learning ways to direct and reduce stress.

What is stress?

Stress is your reaction to any change that requires you to adjust or respond. It's important to remember that you can learn to control stress, because stress comes from how you respond to stressful events.

What causes stress?

Stress can be caused by anything that requires you to adjust to a change in your environment. Your body reacts to these changes with physical, mental, and emotional responses. We all have our own ways of coping with change, so the causes of stress can be different for each person. Common causes include:

• Death
• Illnesses
• Accidents
• Marriage
• Pregnancy
• Divorce
• Job change
• Deadlines
• Moving
• Money problems
• Confrontations
• Crowds
• Heavy traffic
• Legal problems
• Retirement

When you are not sure of the exact cause of your stress, it may be helpful for you to know the warning signs of stress. Once you can identify these signs, you can learn how your body responds to stress. Then you can take steps to reduce it.

What are the warning signs of stress?

Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress.

Emotional warning signs include:

• Anxiety
• Sleep disruption
• Anger
• Inability to concentrate
• Unproductive worry
• Sadness
• Frequent mood swings

Physical warning signs include:

• Stooped posture
• Sweaty palms
• Chronic fatigue
• Weight gain or loss
• Physical symptoms that your doctor cannot attribute to another condition

Behavioral warning signs include:

• Over-reacting
• Acting on impulse
• Using alcohol or drugs
• Withdrawing from relationships
• Changing jobs often
• Feeling agitated most of the time

What can I do to reduce stress?

• Keep a positive attitude.
• Accept that there are events that you cannot control.
• Be assertive instead of aggressive. "Assert" your feelings, opinions, or beliefs instead of becoming angry, combative, or passive.
• Learn to relax.
• Exercise regularly. Your body can fight stress better when it is fit.
• Eat well-balanced meals.
• Rest and sleep. Your body needs time to recover from stressful events.
• Don't rely on alcohol or drugs to reduce stress.

How can I learn to relax?

There are a number of exercises that you can do to relax. These exercises include breathing, muscle and mind relaxation, relaxation to music, and biofeedback. A few that you can try are listed below. First, be sure that you have:

• A quiet location that is free of distractions.
• A comfortable body position. Sit or recline on a chair or sofa.
• A good state of mind. Try to block out worries and distracting thoughts.

Relaxation exercises

2-minute relaxation-- Concentrate your thoughts on yourself and your breathing. Take a few deep breaths, exhaling slowly. Mentally scan your body. Notice areas that feel tense or cramped. Quickly loosen up these areas. Let go of as much tension as you can. Rotate your head in a smooth, circular motion once or twice. (Stop any movements that cause pain.) Roll your shoulders forward and backward several times. Let all of your muscles completely relax. Recall a pleasant thought for a few seconds. Take another deep breath and exhale slowly. You should feel more relaxed.

Mind relaxation-- Close your eyes. Breathe normally through your nose. As you exhale, silently say to yourself the word "one," a short word such as "peaceful" or a short phrase such as "I feel quiet" or "I'm safe." Continue for 10 minutes. If your mind wanders, gently remind yourself to think about your breathing and your chosen word or phrase. Let your breathing become slow and steady.

Deep breathing relaxation- -Imagine a spot just below your navel. Breath into that spot and fill your abdomen with air. Let the air fill you from the abdomen up, then let it out, like deflating a balloon. With every long, slow breath out, you should feel more relaxed

Best wishes & good luck with the exams.

آموزش زبان انگلیسیHAPPY NEW YEAR 2009

Years come and go, but this year I specially wish 4 u a double dose of health n happiness topped with loads of good fortune. Have a great year ahead!

HAPPY NEW YEAR 2009

آموزش زبان انگلیسی

تبعیض :

Discrimination, bias, prejudice, partiality, favoritism, favor, preference

I am against any kind of discrimination on the basis of race or nationality or religion.

من با هر گونه تبعیض بر مبنای نژاد یا ملیت یا مذهب مخالفم.

تبعیض جنسی: 

Sex discrimination, discrimination on the basis of gender, sexism

تبعیض نژادی:

Apartheid, racial discrimination, racism, racist

آموزش زبان انگلیسی Old English

Old English / Anglo-Saxon (Englisc)

Old English was the West Germanic language spoken in the area now known as England between the 5th and 11th centuries. Speakers of Old English called their language Englisc, themselves Angle, Angelcynn or Angelfolc and their home Angelcynn or Englaland.

Old English began to appear in writing during the early 8th century. Most texts were written in West Saxon, one of the four main dialects. The other dialects were Mercian, Northumbrian and Kentish.

The Anglo-Saxons adopted the styles of script used by Irish missionaries, such as Insular half-uncial, which was used for books in Latin. A less formal version of minuscule was used for to write both Latin and Old English. From the 10th century Anglo-Saxon scribes began to use Caroline Minuscule for Latin while continuing to write Old English in Insular minuscule. Thereafter Old English script was increasingly influenced by Caroline Minuscule even though it retained a number of distinctive Insular letter-forms.

Anglo-Saxon Futhorc

Old English / Anglo-Saxon was sometimes written with a version of the Runic alphabet, brought to Britain by the Anglo-Saxons until about the 11th century.

Runic inscriptions are mostly found on jewellery, weapons, stones and other objects. Very few examples of Runic writing on manuscripts have survived

Old English alphabet

Notes

• Long vowels were marked with macrons. These were not written originally used in Old English but are a more modern invention to distinguish between long and short vowels.
• The alternate forms of g and w (yogh and wynn/wen respectively) were based on the letters used at the time of writing Old English. Today they can be substituted for g and w in modern writing of Old English.
• Yogh originated from an insular form of g and wynn/wen came from a runic letter and was used to represent the non-Latin sound of [ w ]. The letters g and w were introduced later by French scribes. Yogh came to represent [ ç ] or [ x ].

Old English pronunciation

Notes

Sample text in Old English (Prologue from Beowulf

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Links

The Electronic Introduction to Old English
http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/resources/IOE/

Learn Old English - a basic introduction
http://www.jebbo.co.uk/learn-oe/contents.htm

Ða Engliscan Gesiðas - the society for people interested in all aspects of Anglo-Saxon language and culture: http://tha-engliscan-gesithas.org.uk/

Old English dictionaries
http://home.comcast.net/~modean52/oeme_dictionaries.htm
http://lexicon.ff.cuni.cz/app/

Beowulf in Hypertext
http://www.humanities.mcmaster.ca/~beowulf/

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روز جهانی ایدز آموزش زبان انگلیسی World AIDS day 2008

World AIDS day 2008

Aids - The Real Truth

by christine D Patterson

Out of the darkness without any test,
A heavy burden was laid on our chests.
Where this disease came from, no one is sure,
All we know is that there is no cure.
It takes all lives, not only people who are gay,
The human life is the highest price to pay.
Young and old are dying all around,
Look at the people in your own towns.
We cry for help in so many ways,
But more lives are being lost every day.
There are drugs to ease the pain,
They don't work; the government gets the capital gains.
Your body is like a bomb, ready to go off at any day,
Hoping a cure would be found some way.
How many cries will it take to hear?
When someone you know has it, and their time is near.
It is something that we can no longer ignore,
Because it is coming closer, it might be next door.
So don't think that you can't get this disease called "AIDS",
More people then you think have it, they just won't say.
Wake up! We are dying and dropping like flies,
Don't wait until the human race is gone,
And then ask WHY?